Microsoft IT Certification Tracks :: essays research papers

IntroductionThe Microsoft IT1 certification tracks, is a complete program that provides educatees with the Internet technology skills essential in a universal economy. Microsoft certificates delivers class-based learning, online examinations, student follow ups, labs, instructor training and support.Launched in 1995 in the USA, the Microsoft Certifications spread to to a greater extent than 200 countries and all over the United States and Canada. Over 1.000.000 students have enrolled at more than 16000 training centers. Microsoft trains the training Centers on how to train teachers how to train student the Microsoft tracks.Microsofts partners from business, government and education form community which delivers the range of services and support involve to grow tomorrows Microsoft generation. Initially created to prepare students for the MCSA (Microsoft Certified System Administrator), MSCE (Microsoft Certified System Engineer), MCDBA (Microsoft Certified Database Administrator), a nd MCAD (Microsoft Certified Application Developer) certifications, it now expanded to include lower aim courses. Some of the courses include Web design Web mastering and Windows Essentials The Internet enables anytime, anywhere learning for all students, regardless of location, religion, gender, or race.The Microsoft Certifications track is continually updated. It includes the in style(p) Microsoft software and OS. For example in MCSE it all started with Windows NT then was updated with windows 2000 and recently the released the windows XP version. The Internet has the power to change the course people learn, work, and play, and the Microsoft Certifications Tracks is the leading in providing, facilitating and transforming to this new way of education.Redefining ITNetwork efficiencies, interactivity, multimedia, personalization, and network widening, made Microsoft come up with a multiple choice of courses to let workers and students have more efficiency, knowledge and specializa tion in the various IT tasks.The Microsoft courses integrate e-learning applications for authoring, management, and assessment with rich media content, delivery, and a network infrastructure. Implemented as the e-learning environment of the Microsoft IT certification Tracks in 1998. It brought many important new capabilities. These include world-wide scalability, lack of extensive integration needed for implementation, a distributed architecture with sophisticated caching to avoid latency, the ability to deliver rich media and interactive components seamlessly, a clearly delimit pedagogical hierarchy for authoring, personalized feedback, and the use of Web-based open standards. The Microsoft IT Certification tracks, is a worldwide effort designed to teach Internet technology skills to youth and adults. The Microsoft Certification track is also helping to transform education as the worlds largest e-learning laboratory.

Huck Finn - Life On The River Essay -- essays research papers

The difference between life on the river and life in the towns along the river is an important piece in the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. Twain uses language to draw the contrast effectively as well as through the atmosphere that has been created, the diction, the punctuation mark and the figures of speech employed.The two dissevers, which most effectively display this contrast, refer to the peaceful life on the river and the vile nature of the streets and lanes of a town.In the fist paragraph Huck describes in mostly monosyllabic and colloquial expressions how pleasant life on the river is. At the beginning of the passage Huck uses the image of swimming peacefully to describe how the time passes, you might say they swum by, they slid along so quite smooth and lovely. The alliteration of swum, slid and smooth helps to formulate a mental semblance of the nimble and steady motion of the river and like the rivers flowing the words also seem to easily flow. This image is appropriate as it directly relates to the motion of the river on which they argon travelling.Here is the way we put in the time. Presents Hucks idyllic life on the river is as routine. The words then and next are repeated several times in the first half of the passage, their function and effect is ensure that the passage flows, much like the river, in a slow and invariable sequential manner.A sense of relaxed movement is conveyed and emphasised by diction and alliteration throu...

The Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media Mes

The Role of Ethnicity and Race in the Way Audiences Interpret Media MessagesAccording to the sociological definition of race and ethnicity, there is a close interrelation among race and ethnicity. Race has not been defined by the biological difference that it is stood on the social construct. Race does not discriminate the skin color from others which is tie in to the ethnicity. Race is defined on the social construct which based on physical and cultural features (Fulcher & Scott, 2007). Ethnicity is a general category for describing collective identities (Fulcher & Scott, 2007200). Ethnicity is based on the cultural and historical background that it means the people in this ethnic group is sharing the same language, religion and same experience of life. Ethnicity is the ethnic distinctive for the specific race. Ethnicities represent the role for separating the different race. In terms of race, people might have the racism to the different culture of others which might base on the historical colonization, the control of the western culture and so on (Fulcher& Scott, 2007). This racism also occurs in the media. The western media may intentionally neglect the people of saturnine or Asian. Media are more likely to use the white people as their main character. Although media has increased the number of the Black and Asian people in recent year on the screen, there is still the inequality in the media product. The Black and Asian people might totally disappear in nearly scene which is shot in the place with the large number of Black and Asian people (Ross & Playdon, 2001). This phenomenon provokes the anger and dissatisfaction of the Black and Asian people.Also, media may offer the slander information for those minorit... ...rom you born to die that race is innate for everyone. In this world, everyone is equal that each person might have the same right to stay in this society. Works CitedFulcher, J. and Scott, J., (2007) Sociology 3rd ed., Oxford Oxford Univ ersity PressRoss,K.,(2001) White Media, Black audience Diversity and Dissonance on British Television in Ross, K. & Playdon, P.(eds.) Black marks nonage ethnic audiences and media, London AshgateDines, G. & Humez, J.M.(eds.) (2002) Gender, race, and class in media a text-reader London SageDickinson,R., Harindranath, R. & Linn. O.,(1998) Approaches to audiences a reader, London Arnold Saltzis, K.(Professor), (2010 February 23) CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE AUDIENCE Lecture 5, University of Leicester, UKDowning, J. & Husband, C. (2005) Representing race racisms, ethnicities and media, London rational

Essay --

Anxiety disorders are the 2nd most diagnosed mental ailment in the United States. Anxiety comes from the fight or flight physiological response in ones body. The fear a person experiences is an intense emotional fright accompanied by a surge of energy in the autonomic nervous system. The surge is what motivates us to flee from danger, cueing the flight response. However, some anxiety is well for us in moderate amounts. Most people perform better when we are a little anxious (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). Anxiety can improve mental testing performance or make you more energetic and charming on a date. It improves, social, physical, and intellectual performance. In fact little would get done if we didnt have any anxiety. However anxiety can be negative as well. The most common symptoms are looking worried and anxious or fidgeting. That is pretty normal for most people. These symptoms are a physiological response that starts in the brain. It elevates the heart rate and creates muscle t ension. Most of the research has been done with animals. Animals calculate to experience anxiety in a similar way to ...

Major Earthquakes are Inevitable in Indiana’s Future Essays -- Earthqu

Major Earthquakes are Inevitable in inchs Future An earthly concernquake felt throughout the Midwest on June 18 was a shaky reminder that earthquakes atomic number 50 occur anywhere. The earthquake, whose epicenter was located north of Evansville, was felt through most of Indiana and surrounding states, as report by the Indianapolis Star. The quake was not the largest in Midwestern history, only registering a 5.0 on the Richter scale, nor did it do much damage. However, it was a wake-up call reminding those who havent paid attention to past warnings about the possibility of larger, more destructive earthquakes. Earthquakes, by Websters dictionary definition, are, a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin. World Book Encyclopedia reports scientists believe that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without causing damage. A midget more than 1,000 each year are strong enough to be felt. Earthquakes occur in the general sense, anyw here on land. Other earthquakes go by different names, such as volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, large tidal wave storms that occur underwater, primarily in the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes are a natural opus of the Earths evolution. Scientific evidence leads many geologists to believe that all of the land on Earth was at one point in time connected. Because of plate tectonic movements or earthquakes, continental drift occurred separating the one massive piece of land in to the seven major(ip) continents today. Further evidence supports this theory, beginning with the Mid-Atlantic ridge, a large mass of plate tectonics, which are increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean while shrinking the Pacific. Some scientists believe that the major plate moveme... ...nd others for injuries, look for and extinguish small fires, inspect your home for damage, listen to the radio for instructions, and expect aftershocks. Tectonic plate movement can occur as close as two and up to 450 miles below the Earths surface. According to the Indiana Geological Survey, Indianas fault lines are bring forward underground than those in California and Alaska, causing more minor quakes in the Midwest. However, Hoosiers should heed the recent earthquake as a warning for future quakes. Earthquakes can and do happen in Indiana, and almost anywhere else in the world. This is the one natural disaster that people cannot avoid no matter their location on Earth. And, being unprepared can have devastating results. Samuelson said, Another earthquake or series of them the size of the New Madrid earthquakes is inevitable in Indianas future.

Major Earthquakes are Inevitable in Indiana’s Future Essays -- Earthqu

Major Earthquakes are Inevitable in Indianas Future An earthquake felt throughout the midwestern United States on June 18 was a shaky reminder that earthquakes cigarette occur anywhere. The earthquake, whose epicenter was located north of Evansville, was felt through most of Indiana and surround states, as reported by the Indianapolis Star. The quake was not the largest in Midwestern history, only registering a 5.0 on the Richter scale, nor did it do much damage. However, it was a wake-up scratch reminding those who havent paid attention to past models about the possibility of larger, more destructive earthquakes. Earthquakes, by Websters dictionary definition, are, a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin. World Book Encyclopedia reports scientists believe that more than 8,000 earthquakes occur each day without cause damage. A little more than 1,000 each year are strong enough to be felt. Earthquakes occur in the general sense, any where on land. new(prenominal) earthquakes go by different names, such as volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, large tidal wave storms that occur underwater, primarily in the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes are a natural part of the Earths evolution. Scientific evidence leads many geologists to believe that all of the land on Earth was at one file in time connected. Because of plate tectonic movements or earthquakes, continental drift occurred separating the one massive piece of land in to the seven major continents today. and evidence supports this theory, starting with the Mid-Atlantic ridge, a large mass of plate tectonics, which are increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean while shrinking the Pacific. well-nigh scientists believe that the major plate moveme... ...nd others for injuries, look for and extinguish small fires, inspect your home for damage, listen to the radio for instructions, and expect aftershocks. Tectonic plate movement can occur as close as two and up to 450 miles below the Earths surface. According to the Indiana Geological Survey, Indianas intermission lines are further underground than those in California and Alaska, causing more minor quakes in the Midwest. However, Hoosiers should heed the recent earthquake as a warning for future quakes. Earthquakes can and do happen in Indiana, and almost anywhere else in the world. This is the one natural disaster that people cannot avoid no take their location on Earth. And, being unprepared can have devastating results. Samuelson said, Another earthquake or series of them the size of the New Madrid earthquakes is undeniable in Indianas future.

Heritage Assessment Essay

The heritage assessment is developed to serve the wellnessc ar provider cultivate a therapeutic relationship and approach in care. The use of this assessment tool provides an informative approach of care for the multiple cultural backgrounds that a provider may come into contact with. Clark, 2002 states, A condensed knowledge of trans-cultural or multicultural setting within the healthcare realms is helpful in bolstering efforts towards attaining the primary care role of nursing. Thus, when working in the increasingly multicultural settings, nurses ought to refocus on availing culturally competent care, fully customized in suiting the target patients own traditions, cultural values, lifestyle, practices, and beliefs.This paper is written to catch the health caution, restoration and protection decisions between three culturally different families (African American, Asian and Hispanic) and each of their unique values and beliefs associated with their particular ethnic group. Int erestingly the moment analysis will show that all though three different families presenting with three different origins of origination, traditions, values and beliefs regarding health and wellness as well as beliefs of disease processes share a common core trustingness and value system towards health maintenance, restoration and the practice of their Christian beliefs. By utilizing the Heritage perspicacity Tool that is designed with twenty nine questions that seeks answers to details about the clients familial relations, cultural background, fond supports and religious practices and beliefs. Also, the assessment assists the nurses in the planning, and murder of customized care, by offering intervention measures that are not only suitable on cultural fronts of the client, but also comfortable to administer (Clark, 2002).A corroboratory patient-nurse relationship should be guided by the ideals of mutual respect and understanding of the clients health beliefs, cultural values and religious aspects of practice. The Heritage sound judgment Tool details the actual parameters that nurses would use in examining the impacts that cultural settings would have on the patient, by assessing beliefs and dogmas on diseases and wellness. The cultural ties have direct implications on health care administration, including acceptable health promotional messages, preventive care, curative care, and old-age care services (Clark, 2002). Understanding the patients beliefs and feelings of health and wellness can assist the nurse providingcare the opportunity to effectively communicate and embrace modes of care. The wellness Assessment Tool allows nurses to obtain perfect understanding of the clients private views towards health as well as how their value systems or practices affect the perception of nursing care. (Clark, 2002)By interviewing three ethnicities Asian, African American and Hispanic cultures an effort is made to document the impacts of the many different value s within the culture that may be associated with healthcare and clinical procedures. From the Asian culture the first family interviewed was a Filipino family. The heritage of the Filipino family is rich in traditions and beliefs as well as strong spiritual philosophies. The family unit among Filipinos remains an integral part of their life. In fact, Filipino families find it irresistible to have regular get-togethers and re-unions, as evidenced by their usual desire to hold handaans where they literally invite all relatives for a family gathering. (Bateman, Abesamis-Mendoza, & Ho-Asjoe, 2009) It is not uncommon for handaans to be held once weekly with members of the family reaching out to their relatives.Living conditions for the Filipino families include multiple family members living under one roof. antecedence and reverence of the elderly family members living in the home are apparent by watching as to how the younger members of the family dote on and care for their elders. As elderly members of the family progress in age and may be in need of advanced care it is not uncommon for the family members to care for their elder at home versus being confined to a nursing home as this is considered disrespectful and forbidden. The family interviewed claims a Christian based faith and attends regular services of the Catholic doctrine.Even more, in regards to health decisions within Filipino families are completed together with everyone ensuring the wellbeing of the entire family. This being said, some ailmentes and mental health issues are seen as an exception to the rule due to the families strong religious beliefs and customary values associated with mental distemper and negative spirits that attack ones bole subsequently some way wrong doing the Gods. (Bateman et al., 2009) If a member of the family unit becomes ill the relatives offer emotional and physical support to assist with health restoration. Lets takefor example, by utilizing traditional Asian trea tments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture and acupressure Filipino families engage in tonic water treatments. Often times acupressure will be utilized to relieve pain, nausea and depression and by utilizing small needles to specialized pinpoint locations of the body acupuncture may be used to treat colds, itching and acute conditions. Herbal medicine assists with health restoration, maintenance and the populace that may be vulnerable. . At home the family enjoys their Asian delicacies with emphasis on healthy diet to enhance body immunity. The health traditions are maintained across generations by dint of apprenticeship, rituals/cultural events, and mentorships (Bateman et al., 2009).The minute family was of the African American decent that was interviewed. Cultural systems of African Americans have been hindered after arriving to the U.S. African American cultural values and beliefs are deeply rooted in Africa, mainly Sub-Saharan African as well as Shelean cultures (Quaye, 20 05). Unlike Filipino families, African American family units tend to be more loosely attached and focus more on the annual reunions and get-togethers. It is not uncommon for family members to see each other once a year or for special occasions. As family concerns and issues become apparent contact may be made via a telephone call at which time family members may then provide advice or support. The family interviewed considered themselves to be Baptist and go to church on special occasions stating that they a lot congregate with others of the same faith outside of the church setting. In regards to healthcare the family sees illness and other health issues as getting aged or just growing older. The matriarch of the family is willing to share that they have a strong familial incident of hypertension, cardiac disease and other illnesses that are culturally common within their heritage.Even though the family does not freely talk about illness directly to the affected member of the fami ly it is not uncommon that they discuss it among themselves. Though African American uses mainstream treatment means and therapeutic approaches, health restoration and maintenance is purely based on adherence to a healthy diet. (Quaye, 2005) Life sustainment andprolonged treatment may be sought during times of celestial pole illness but depending on economical standing may be averted. Medical support systems and preventative care are occasionally sought after within the community setting during health fairs for screenings for illnesses such as prostate and breast cancer during the onset of old age.The health traditions are retained through kingship and extended social networks where close and extended families pass on treatment traditions and beliefs across generations (Quaye, 2005). The last family interviewed was of Hispanic decent and unlike the Filipino and African American families has very little contact with their relatives as most immediate and extended family members live in Mexico. Although the family can contact each other via phone and social media they rarely visit in person due to crossing the border. The family practices Catholicism and attends mass on a regular basis. Further, the interviewed family, like other Mexican families, views the earn of illness or diseases as jealousy against others or due to resulting imbalance between cold and hot. (West, 2005)Herbal remedies and treatments are a common Mexican health tradition to fend off the illness and keep the sick family member warm and the use of oil is utilized to ensure the patient is protected from dehydration. It is not uncommon for the family to use traditional cures for heath restoration such as Curanderos or conditional care for illnesses such as diabetes. Home remedies are often passed down from generation to generation. During chronic conditions, health restoration and maintenance may be done through conventional treatment, but only after the set out convinces the father the import ance of doing so (West, 2005).In conclusion, the three immigrant families show distinctive ideas and beliefs of traditional health maintenance and wellness after arriving the U.S but it can be seen that they share a common belief in faith as indicating their value systems towards restoration and feel they are protected by their Christian faith .When planning for wellness and health maintenance as well as restorative care it is important to consider family background, beliefs, values regarding the ailment and develop interventional measures that observes specific traditions as well as cultural and religious values.ReferencesBateman, W., Abesamis-Mendoza, N., & Ho-Asjoe, H. (2009). Praeger Handbook of Asian American Health Taking Notice and Taking Action, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO publishers. Clark, C. C. (2002). Health Promotion in Communities Holistic and Wellness Approaches. New York, NY Springer Publishing Company. Quaye, R. (2005). African Americans Health Care Practic es, Perspectives, and Needs. Washington, D.C. University Press of America. West, J. (2005). Mexican-American Folklore. Armonk, NY august house

Chapter 10 Basic Organizational Design

Chapter 10 Basic Organizational Design Once managers ar done planning, then what? This is when managers need to begin to serve the plan. And the early step in doing that involves architectural planing an appropriate administrational structure. This chapter covers the decisions involved with designing this structure. Focus on the fol execrableing learning outcomes as you read and case this chapter. LEARNING OUTCOMES 10. 1 bring up 6 key elements in organisational design. 10. 2 Contrast mechanical and organic structures. 10. 3 Discuss the contingency factors that favor either the mechanistic model or the organic model of make-upal design. 0. 4 Describe traditional presidential termal designs. A MANAGERS DILEMMA How burn we design an system of rulesal structure that pass on co cultivate us contact our companys goals? Should our structure be tall or flat? Traditional or contemporary? Will our chosen design enhance our capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and vary i n a dynamic global environment? As tomorrows managers, many of your students will soon face these questions. In Chapter 10, students learn almost various elements of administrational structure, the contingency factors that influence organizational design, and traditional and contemporary design.In addition, they will study design challenges encountered by managers who work in a word form of organizational structures. A manipulaters Dilemma extravagantlylights some of the problems in store for Eli Lilly & Company, a major US pharmaceutical company. Eli Lilly & Co. stands to lose $10 one million million million in annual revenues amid presently and 2016 as three of its major drug patents expire. As CEO, John Lechleiters argument is to find foster recent drug development to replace the projected loss revenue. While new(prenominal) pharmaceutical companies argon studyking a merger route to acquire vernal drugs, Eli Lilly One has decided to revamp the companys operational tr ucture into five global business units and fabricate an improved intersection point research and development center. Students should orchestrate opposite organizational design elements Lechleiter might apply to ensure that Lilly achieves its goal of speeding up its product development process? From the training presented here, it appears that Eli Lillys has adopt a product structure which offers the advantage of being more responsive to falsifys in the external environment. Eli Lilly may also want to create more teams in their structure as well as take advantage of technology with virtual teams.CHAPTER OUTLINE INTRODUCTION Designing organizational structure involves the process of organizing (the south management function) and plays an important affair in the success of a company. 10. 1 DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Managers need to establish structural designs that will surpass support and al belittled employees to do their work effectively and efficiently. Several important terms must be defined in order to understand the elements of organizational structure and design 1. Organizing is arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organizations goals.This process has several purposes, as shown in Exhibit 10-1. 2. Organizational structure is the form-only(prenominal) order of battle of jobs within an organization. 3. Organizational design is developing or changing an organizations structure. This process involves decisions more or less six key elements work speciality, departmentalization, range of mountains of command, drag of laterality, centralization/ decentralization, and formalization. Chapter 10 examines separately of these structural elements. A. Work Specialization. Work specialization is dividing work activities into die job tasks.Most of todays managers regard work specialization as an important organizing mechanism, but non as a source of ever-increasing productivity. Exhibit 10-2 illustrates the human diseconomies fr om division of laborboredom, fatigue, stress, low productivity, poor quality, change magnitude absenteeism, and high turnover eventually exceed the economic advantages created by work specialization. B. Departmentalization. When work tasks capture been defined, they must be arranged in order to accomplish organizational goals.This process, known as departmentalization, is the foundation by which jobs ar grouped. There are five major ways to departmentalize (see Exhibit 10-3) 1. Functional departmentalization groups jobs by functions performed. 2. harvest-feast departmentalization groups jobs by product line. 3. Geographical departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of geographical region. 4. Process departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of product or guest flow. 5. Customer departmentalization groups jobs on the basis of specific and unique customers who have common needs. 6.Popular issues in departmentalization include the following a. Customer departmentalization continues to be a highly popular approach because it allows demote monitor of customers needs and responds to changes in the needs of customers. b. Cross-functional teams, which are work teams composed of individuals from various functional specialties, are being utilize along with traditional departmental arrangements. C. drawstring of look out over. The chemical chain of command is the line of authority ex rangeing from upper organizational levels to the lowest levels, which clarifies who reports to whom.Three concepts related to chain of command are authority, responsibility, and unity of command. 1. Authority is the put inhts inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it. a. The acceptance theory of authority proposed by Chester Barnard says that authority comes from the willingness of subordinates to accept it. Barnard contended that subordinates will accept orders only if the following conditions are satisfied 1. They understand the order. 2.They olfactory modality the order is consistent with the organizations purpose. 3. The order does not conflict with their private beliefs. 4. They are able to perform the task as directed. b. Line authority entitles a manager to direct the work of an employee. It is the employeremployee authority relationship that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon, according to the chain of command, as shown in Exhibit 10-4. c. Staff authority functions to support, assist, advise, and generally reduce some of their cultureal burdens.Exhibit 10-5 illustrates line and staff authority. 2. Responsibility is the compact to perform any assigned duties. 3. Unity of command is the management principle that each person should report to only one manager. D. Span of Control. Span of control is the number of employees a manager can efficiently and effectively manage. 1. The span of control concept is important because it determines how many levels and managers an o rganization will have. (See Exhibit 10-6 for an example) 2. What determines the exemplification span of control?Contingency factors such as the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees, the characteristics of the work being done, similarity and complexity of employee tasks, the physical proximity of subordinates, the degree to which standardized procedures are in place, the sophistication of the organizations information system, the strength of the organizations culture, and the preferred style of the manager influence the ideal number of subordinates. 3. The trend in recent years has been toward wider ( grandr) spans of control. E. Centralization and Decentralization.The concepts of centralization and decentralization address who, where, and how decisions are made in organizations. 1. Centralization is the degree to which decision making is backbreaking at upper levels of the organization. 2. Decentralization is the degree to which lower-level employees provide input or actually make decisions. 3. The current trend is toward decentralizing decision making in order to make organizations more flexible and responsive. 4. Employee empowerment is giving employees more authority (power) to make decisions. . A number of factors influence the degree of centralization or decentralization in an organization (see Exhibit 10-7). F. formalization refers to the degree to which jobs within an organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures. 1. In a highly formalized organization, employees have little discretion, and a high level of consistent and uniform output exists. Formalized organizations have explicit job descriptions, many organizational rules, and clearly defined procedures. 2.In a less-formalized organization, employees have such(prenominal) freedom and can exercise discretion in the way they do their work. 3. Formalization not only fosters relatively unstructured job behaviors, but also el iminates the need for employees to consider alternatives. 4. The degree of formalization can vary widely between organizations and even within organizations. 10. 2 MECHANISTIC AND ORGANIC STRUCTURES Organizations do not have identical structures. Even companies of comparable size do not inevitably have similar structures. A. Two Models of Organizational Design. See Exhibit 10-8) 1. A mechanistic organization is an organizational design that is rigid and bastardlyly controlled. It is characterized by high specialization, rigid departmentalization, narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation in decision making by lower-level employees. 2. An organic organization is an organizational design that is highly adaptive and flexible. It is characterized by little work specialization, minimal formalization, and little direct supervision of employees. 3.Under what circumstances is each design favored? It depends on contingency variable s. 10. 3 CONTINGENCY FACTORS Appropriate organizational structure depends upon four contingency variables A. Strategy and structure. The organizations outline is one of the contingency variables that influences organizational design. 1. Alfred Chandler originated the strategy-structure relationship. His finding that structure follows strategy indicates that as organizations change their strategies, they must change their structure to support that strategy. . Most current strategy/structure frameworks focus on three strategy dimensions a) Innovation needs the flexibleness and free flow of information present in the organic organization. b) Cost minimization needs the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic organization. c) Imitation uses some of the characteristics of both mechanistic and organic organizations. B. Size and structure. Considerable historical evidence indicates that an organizations size significantly affects its structure.Larger organizations te nd to have more specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and formalization, although the size-structure relationship is not linear. C. Technology has been shown to affect an organizations choice of structure. 1. Every organization uses some form of technology to transfigure inputs into outputs. 2. Joan Woodwards study of structure and technology shows that organizations adapt to their technology. She found that three distinct technologies have increasing levels of complexity and sophistication. a) Unit performance is the production of items in units or small batches. ) Mass production is the production of items in large batches. c) Process production is the production of items in continuous processes. 3. Woodward found in her study of these three groups that distinct relationships exist among these technologies, the subsequent structure of the organization, and the effectiveness of the organization. Exhibit 10-9 and provides a summary of these findings. LEADERS WHO MAK E A DIFFERENCE As the first female CEO of Avon, Andrea Jung has held that position for a decadethe most-tenured female CEO in the Fortune 500. Ms.Jung clearly understands the importance of organizational design in percentage her global company prosper in good times and bad. This part of her job is especially challenging considering that 70 percent of Avons sales are in developing countries. Ms. Jung has made tough decisions to restructure, refocus, and redefine the companys strategies and created an organizational design to help it continue its success as the leading womens beauty products company. D. Environmental un acceptedty and structure Environmental uncertainty is the final contingency factor that has been shown to affect organizational structure.Environmental uncertainty may be managed by making ad conscionablements in the organizations structure. The more uncertain the environment, the more flexible and responsive the organization needs to be. 10. 4 TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIO NAL DESIGNS A number of different organizational designs can be found in todays organizations. Exhibit 10-8 summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of each of these designs. A. A simple structure is an organizational design with low departmentaliza-tion, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. . Strengths of the simple structure are its flexibility, speed, clear accountability and low maintenance costs. 2. The major limitation of a simple structure is that it is most effective when used in small organizations. B. As an organization grows, its structure tends to do more specialized and formalized. When contingency factors favor a bureaucratic or mechanistic design, one of the following two options is likely to be used 1. A functional structure is an organizational design that groups similar or related occupational specialties together. . A divisional structure is an organizational structure made up of separate, semiautonomous units or divisions. LETS GET REAL MY RESPONSE Cindy Brewer Customer Contact Channel Manager Sears Holdings Corporation Loves Park, IL Cindy offers several recommendations for Eli Lilly & Company. To better the structure of the organization, she recommends the use of more flexible structures, i. e. a divisional and organic structure, while at the same time including a mechanistic structure to help speed up certain aspects of the drug approval process.Her final recommendation, to create cross-functional teams across the business units to share best practices and key learning to increase the product development process is an insightful one in that it leverages the power of teams to aid in the decision making process and at the same time create a learning/innovation based climate. Answers to Review and Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of each of the six key elements of organizational design. Traditionally, work specialization was viewed as a way to divide work activities into separate job tasks.Todays view is that it is an important organizing mechanism but it can lead to problems. The chain of command and its companion conceptsauthority, responsibility, and unity of commandwere viewed as important ways of pleading control in organizations. The contemporary view is that they are less relevant in todays organizations. The traditional view of span of control was that managers should directly supervise no more than five to six individuals. The contemporary view is that the span of control depends on the skills and abilities of the manager and the employees and on the characteristics of the situation. . Can an organizations structure be changed quickly? Why or why not? Should it be changed quickly? Explain. The speed with which structural changes can be implemented depends partly upon an organizations size. A small organization is usually able to change its structure more rapidly than a larger one because a smaller company has fewer em ployees who are involved in the restructuring process. However, a large organization can change its structure and often does in response to changing environmental conditions and changing strategies. 3. Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations.A mechanistic organization is a rigid and tightly controlled structure. An organic organization is highly adaptive and flexible. 4. Would you rather work in a mechanistic or an organic organization? Why? Students answers to this question will vary. Many students prefer the structure provided by a mechanistic organization, whereas new(prenominal)s would be less productive in an organization with structural rigidity. Note that SAL III. A. 1 What Type of Organization Structure Do I Prefer? addresses whether each of your students would like to work in a bureaucracy (a mechanistic organization).Students might want to revisit this assessment in answering this question. 5. Explain the contingency factors that affect organizational design. An o rganizations structure should support the strategy. If the strategy changes, the structure also should change. An organizations size can affect its structure up to a certain point. Once an organization reaches a certain size (usually around 2,000 employees), its fairly mechanistic. An organizations technology can affect its structure. An organic structure is most effective with unit production and process production technology.A mechanistic structure is most effective with mass production technology. The more uncertain an organizations environment, the more it needs the flexibility of an organic design. 6. Contrast the three traditional organizational designs. A simple structure is one with low departmentalization, wide spans of control, authority centralized in a single person, and little formalization. A functional structure groups similar or related occupational specialties together. A divisional structure is made up of separate business units or divisions. 7.With the availabilit y of advanced information technology that allows an organizations work to be done anywhere at any time, is organizing close up an important managerial function? Why or why not? Although an organizations work may be done anywhere at any time, organizing remains a vital managerial function because the work that must be accomplished still must be divided, grouped, and coordinated. 8. Researchers are now saying that efforts to simplify work tasks actually have negative results for both companies and their employees. Do you agree? Why or why not? Studies as far-off back as 1924 show that simplified jobs lead to boredom.In 1950 other researchers found that highly segmented and simplified jobs resulted in lower employee morale and output. Other consequences of low employee motivation include absenteeism and high employee turnover, both very costly for businesses. ETHICS DILEMMA Shortly after the BP oil spill, BP engaged in a budge to improve their image including buying domain names tha t referred to terms like oil spill and oil spill claims. A company spokeswoman said the strategy is to assist those who are most impacted and help them find the right forms and the right people quickly and effectively. Is this an ethical issue? What ethical concerns do students see in BP doing this? What stakeholders might be affected by BPs actions (buying the search terms)? In what ways might these stakeholders be affected? While some students may not see this as unethical, there is a question as to whether BP acquired the domain names to better inform the public or to control information access. By controlling information, BP could put their spin on events or even keep the domain names idle so that they could not be used by others to distribute negative information about the company actions.Ultimately, with a disaster as large as this one, there were many stakeholders affected fisherman, rig workers, hotel owners, management, and employees. Without access to information, these stakeholders may be unaware of their rights to sue or file claims against BP. SKILLS EXERCISE DEVELOPING YOUR EMPOWERING PEOPLE (DELEGATING) SKILLS A managers job is to do things through with(predicate) other people. This requires that a manager learn to trust and empower those they supervise. In this exercise, the author gives five behaviors for effective delegation.Students are to then to read through the scenario and write a paper describing how they would handle the situation described. In the scenario, Ann is already following several of guidelines given for recommendation, by clarifying the assignment and allowing Ricky to participate. In Rickys contact with top, he will have to follow his Bosss lead and follow the recommendations as well. He should first clarify the assignment and what Bill will be able to include (and not include) in the manual. It will also be a good idea if Ricky and Bill get other employees input on the policy manual since it will be used by everyone in the organization.Finally, Ricky should establish a feedback channel so that Bill can ask questions and Ricky can keep tract of Bills progress. WORKING TOGETHER TEAM EXERCISE Form groups of three to four students and have each group choose an organization with which students in the group are familiar (where students work, a student organization to which they belong, your college or university, etc. ). Have students draw an organization chart of this organization. Students should show departments (or groups) and especially be conscientious to get the chain of command correct.Students should be prepared to share their chart with the anatomy. If this is done outside of class as an assignment, it may be a good idea to have students use Microsoft PowerPoint to prepare the chart. PowerPoint has an option to draw organizational charts in the Smartart menu. Your Turn to be a Manager Find three different examples of organizational charts. In a report, describe each of them. Try to decip her the organizations use of organizational design elements, especially departmentalization, chain of command, centralizationdecentralization, and formalization. Survey at least 10 different managers about how many employees they supervise. Also ask them whether they feel they could supervise more employees or whether they feel the number they supervise is too many. Graph your survey results and write a report describing what you found. Draw some conclusions about span of control. Draw an organizational chart of an organization with which youre familiar (where you work, a student organization to which you belong, your college or university, etc. ). Be very careful in showing the departments (or groups) and especially be careful to get the chain of command correct.Be prepared to share your chart with the class. Using the organizational chart you just created, redesign the organizations structure. What structural changes might make this organization more efficient and effective? Wri te a report describing what you would do and why. Be sure to include an example of the original organizational chart as well as a chart of your proposed revision of the organizational structure. Steves and bloody shames suggested readings Gary Hamel, The Future of Management (Harvard Business School Press, 2007) Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat 3. (Picador, 2007) Harold J. Leavitt, Top Down Why Hierarchies Are Here to Stay and How to Manage Them More Effectively (Harvard Business School Press, 2005) and Thomas W. Malone, The Future of Work (Harvard Business School Press, 2004). Choose one of the three topics discussed in the section on todays organizational design challenges. Research this topic and write a paper about it. Focus on finding current information and current examples of companies dealing with these issues. In your own words, write down three things you learned in this chapter about being a good manager. Self-knowledge can be a powerful learning tool. Go to mymanage mentlab and complete these self-assessment exercises How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? What Type of Organizational Structure Do I Prefer? How Good Am I at Playing Politics? How Willing Am I to Delegate? Using the results of your assessments, identify personal strengths and weaknesses. What will you do to reinforce your strengths and improve your weaknesses? Answers to Case Application Questions Ask Chuck 1. Describe and evaluate what Charles Schwab is doing. It is easy for a company to lose sight of their goals.While other lines of business may be potential money makers, going beyond a firms core competence can lead a firm into financial trouble. In this case, students should see how Charles Schwab has stayed true to its primary business making stock trades for investors who make their own financial decisions. Another goal of Schwab is customer service. In the example of Cheryl Pasquale, we can see how she uses the companys information system to closely monitor her sales representati ves to make sure they are meeting the needs of customers. 2.How might the companys culture of not buying into hype and not taking excessive risks affect its organizational structural design? Schwabs conservative culture would foster a simple structure characterized by low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, and little formalization. This structure fast, flexible, inexpensive to maintain and has clear lines of accountability. 3. What structural implicationsgood and badmight Schwabs intense focus on customer feedback have? Schwabs focus on customer feedback would indicate a flexible structure that is able to adapt to meet customer demands.This structure would allow employees to spend more time and energy devote to improving relationships with customers and possibly provide for exceptions to improve customer satisfaction. On the other hand, building strong customer relationships takes time and money. By paying so much attention to the customer there is t he potential loss of efficiency that Schwab has to maintain to keep stock transactions low. 4. Do you think this arrangement would work for other types of organizations? Why or why not? This type of customer focus would not work well for firms that operate on a thin margin.For example, manufacturing firms that operate in the maturity phase of the industry life cycle focus on keeping production costs as low as possible. This arrangement may also not work well in situations where organizations are set up around processes. A New Kind of Structure 1. Describe and evaluate what Pfizer is doing. What Jordan Cohen has created at Pfizer is a network organization. Its a form of the boundaryless organization structure where company employees concentrate on the important aspects of the job, i. e. hose elements that are related to the companys core competencies, and other tasks are outsourced to another organization. 2. What structural implicationsgood and baddoes this approach have? (Think in terms of the six organizational design elements. ) Have students break into groups and discuss how the advantages and disadvantages of using a network organizational structure from the perspective of Work Specialization Departmentalization Chain Of Command Span Of Control Centralization And Decentralization Formalization Some groups may be assigned more than one design element.For more information on Pfizers new structure, go to the web 3. Do you think this arrangement would work for other types of organizations? Why or why not? The network organization design used by Pfizer has helped to balance recent layoffs the company experienced after a nearly $4 billion yearly budget cut. agree to managers in the Fast Company article, the OOF has cut some project costs by 100%. While this program has been a success for Pfizer, it may not be realistic for other companies that either (a) have not experienced such deep cuts in personnel department, or (b) have such high personnel costs. . What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organizations efficiency and effectiveness? Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation.

Hardware and software report Essay

In this report, I bequeath be discussing what ironw are, software, operating system, and how this would be benefiting the company. I go out also state how I used the hardware and software, which helped the company. Once that I done, I will describe the advantages and disadvantages of the hardware and software that I used, and compare them to the hardware and software that I could energise used. Definitions of hardware, software and operating systemComputer hardware typically consists chiefly of electronic devices (CPU, memory, display) with some electromechanical parts (keyboard, printer, turn drives, tape drives, loudspeakers, floppy discs) for input, output, and storage, though completely non-electronic. A package/application is a complete, self-contained program that performs a specific function directly for the user. This is in contrast to system software such as the operating system kernel, server processes and libraries, which exists to support application programs.The ope rating system is Software designed to domination the hardware of a specific data-processing system in order to al low-spirited users and application programs to make use of it. The hardware that I used was Tulip monitor low emission Tulip CPU E85-00970 Tulip mouse M-S48a HP LaserJet 2200d HP LaserJet 4200n Floppy disc Internet modem The software that I used was Microsoft Excel Microsoft intelligence Microsoft Paint Windows Xp Microsoft Word Pad Internet explorer Windows Me The advantages of the hardware that I used were My employ was saved on a CPU, and so my influence wouldnt occupy lost.My work was save on a floppy disc as backup. The laser HP LaserJet 2200d and HP LaserJet 4200n was very fast in printing my work. The advantages of the software that I used were Microsoft excel is the easiest package to use a spreadsheet. Microsoft word is easier to use, then any new(prenominal) writing package. Microsoft paint is the easiest image package to use. The disadvantages of the har dware that I used were The computer monitor might freeze, causing me to non do my work. The printer might not work, so I will not be able to print my work. The printer might only have black ink, not coloured ink.The floppy disc might be full so that I cannot store any more work on the disc. The disadvantages of the software that I used were The Microsoft package might be out of use delinquent to a failure in the computer. Windows might not have the new updates on the computer, as there might be an old package on the computer, rather then the new one, I. e. Windows 95 instead of Windows Xp. There might not be Internet explorer on the computer to help you with you research. The other hardware that I could have used was Scanner Zip disc Different Internet modem, I. e. Blue yonder one-megabit modem. The other software that I could have used wasMicrosoft spreadsheet. Microsoft word processor Microsoft publisher Microsoft PowerPoint (if I was doing a presentation) When you compare ICT w ith non-ICT you can see that ICT is so frequently easier than hand writing something. One origin is that your handwriting might be very bad and as a result, people will not be able read your handwriting. Secondly, when you write pages and pages of instruction concerning the company, then your hand tends to bring about tired. With the use of ICT, you wont get tired as you will just be typing, and will eventually nip tired, but not as quickly as you would have done.Another point, which makes ICT practically better than any Non ICT, is that if you make a mistake while you are working with non-ICT, you will not be able to make a change very easily, but with ICT you com press the delete or key to get rid of the mistake. Other uses of ICT within Future Fashions are that you can use a mainframe or a midrange, which are unique operating systems. What this would stomach you to do is to do better work, as there is better equipment and better facilities to use in a mainframe and in a mi drange. Future fashions were not that cost-effective as they had a lot of problems in the company.One of which was that they didnt even have a logo or a slogan. That just showed how efficient they were, as they didnt even have a log and slogan, and they are meant to be a clothes company. Other problems that they had were they had no spreadsheet to show how all the employees records were like, no graph to see how much they ware getting paid and no wage slip to show how much the employees would get paid. So in the end, what I did to solve these problems were to actually make the logo, slogan, spreadsheet, graph and wage slip.I think that all the solutions that I can up with very well in the end. The logo was colourful and eye catching, and the slogan was very catchy. The spreadsheet was very easy for the owners of Future Fashions to read from and the graph was also easy for the owners of Future Fashions to see how much each employee gets paid, and could compare the money that the emp loyees get by the other employees. Lastly, the wage slip was successful as the owners of Future Fashions could see how much the employee was getting paid, how much tax there was, how much National Insurance there was, etc.Eventfully, as a result of my work, the problems of future fashions disappeared. The company will now become very successful, in my opinion, as most of the problems have been solved, and Future Fashions can now really take off. A summery of what I have utter in the 3-4 pages is just that the hardware and software that I used was very successful for the owners of Future Fashions as it helped the owners of Future Fashions when they needed it most, and as a result, this will benefit the owners on Future Fashions in the long run.The problems that I came across whilst doing this project to help Future Fashions were Sometimes the printer wouldnt print in colour because it was a black ink printer. The computer froze a few times, so I had to do it again. When the computer s were getting rebooted after the power cut, all of my work got deleted. Overall, I have found out that the solutions that I came up with really helped the company named Future Fashions. I also found out that all the solutions that I came up with improved the image of Future Fashions, making it a very successful company.

Reform movements of 1820-1860 in the United States Essay

2. How were the reform movements of 1820-1860 in the United States related to the growth of fabrication and urban life?During the years 1820-1860, America has received a wave of hearty reformation movements that were in correlation with the growth of industry and urban life. This time period, withal known as the antebellum era (time period before the accomplished War) brought movements such as the temperance movement (1826-1840s), the movement for public asylums (1820s and 1830s), the public education movement/reform (1820-1860), the womens rights movement (1850s) and the anti-slavery movement. All of these movements were in sync with to the growth of industry and urban life. The temperance movement arose because of the urban life people faced in the city (alcoholics) the movement for public asylums arose because of the eternal of people that had disabilities and the number of homeless people in urban areas the womens rights movement arose because of the focusing men treated wo men in some(prenominal) industry and urban life and the anti-slavery movement arose because of the way industry was treating them (such as too much work and no pay).The temperance movement (1826) and the movement for public asylums (1820s and 1830s) both arose collect to the conditions the people of the urban life were facing. The temperance movement arose because there were too many people drinking liquor excessively after working(a) hours, and strengthened after the Irish immigrated to America during the 1830s (since many people stereotyped the Irish as excessive drinkers, the temperance movement was mostly aimed towards them). many a(prenominal) of the people that drank liquor claimed that it relieved their stress from working too much in the factories. However, once those people got home, they caused family problems, and sometimes cause crimes. This urban problem was a big dilemma, so people organized themselves and formed a temperance movement to ask for the pledge of peopl e to stay abstinent.Another movement that arose call(a)able to urban problems was the amount of people that were homeless and the ones that haddisabilities. Throughout 1820-1840, urban life was full of crime because of the number of homeless people that robbed others. There was also a big number of homeless people living on the streets because the city could did not suck in enough apartments to allow people in. The number of people that had disabilities also caused a problem in urban life because they had a hard time struggling to survive. That is why people formed the Asylum movement. This movement called for the building of shelters for the homeless, schools for the disabled people and medical centers for them. This movement helped improve urban life to become a more tranquil place.The womens rights movement arose due to the way they were treated by men. However, the womens rights movement didnt begin with the snap of a finger. Since many women were busy taking care of the dom icile and their children, they didnt have time to involve themselves in movements to support their rights. However, when the Industrial Revolution came to America, men left home to work for salaries, which meant they had less time to spend with their wife. With the addition of cause control, women had fewer children, which meant that they had time for social reform. After entering this phase women came to a realization that they resented the way men neglected them to secondary roles (which was to take care of the house and children) in the movement and preventing them from taking part of anything that had to do with politics. This sort of thinking can be classified as an urban way of thinking because in an everyday urban day, the mother would stay at home while the father would go work to get his salary.Although women fought for their rights during the 1850s, their movement was obscured by the anti-slavery movement. This movement arose because the industry of America was treating t hem bad. In the South, many slaves were put into hard labor because around the 1820s to 1830s, there was a very high demand for people absent cotton. The anti-slavery movement was supported by the Second extensive Awakening (a time period in America in which religious enlightenment flourished). The Second Great Awakening brought over that slavery was a sin, and since many people were very religious, they didnt like the fact that they were sinners (urban life radicalls). The anti-slavery movement also brought abolitionists together to vie for theircause and it also brought abolitionist newspapers such as _The Liberator_. Many people also didnt like the fact that slaves were seen as business (industry), which gave them another dry land to form the movement.The antebellum era brought many social reforms to America, and they were all in relation to the way the industry was growing and the way people lived in urban life. The temperance movement was in response to the crimes and the alcoholics that arose during the 1830s the movement for public asylums arose because of the number of needy people that were homeless and disabled the womens rights movement arose due to the way they were treated by men in their urban life and the growth of industry and the anti-slavery movement was in response to the unfair treatment of slaves, the idea that slavery was a sin, and the fact that slaves were seen as a market. All these reforms arose because the people were reacting to the things that were happening to urban life and the growth of industry, and in my opinion, I think all these reforms were made for the best of mankind because they led to a safer and secure life.

Marketing research report: using SPSS indentify case study Essay

The Questionnaire having 19 key questions to extract consumers perception closely Auto Online website and the important factors which motivated for consumer to buy online. The research objective is try to bring up the important factors motivating to buy online, for consumers and to take action plans further to improve consumers needs.The survey mainly concentrating on the following aspects Consumers view on use of Internet, Awareness of Auto Online website, Security, Convenience while making a purchase etc. All these questions were asked on 1 to 5 Ratings scale, so the selective information collected on 19 factors is an ordinal.The labels taken as Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5) for all the variablesThe most prominent way of analyzing these type of data in Descriptive Statistics is Frequency Tables and Cross Tabulations, also Top 2 Box scores for important factors where Top 2 Box scores is the portion of respondents for any particular question answered the Top 2 respo nses, i.e. Strongly Agree and Agree. It will be the best measure to interpret the respective attribute (In cost of Percentages).The important thing to be consider when interpreting the Ordinal Data is that it does non make any significance if we calculate the average forms like wet or Median.Below are the Frequency Tables which are basically intimately how consumer thinks about Internet and Making purchase decisions etc.Marketing research musical theme using SPSS indentify case study 3Executive SummaryAuto Online is a very convenient website and motivating respondent to buy products online.Most of the respondents certified about Auto Online through web surfing or any search engine.It will be very good if Auto Online website get innovative so that the overall experience with the site will be stronger than what know it is since consumer is surfing the net as he is looking more information about Automobile products and he can reduce the strain with dealing car salesmen.Analysis and InterpretationThe following tables are the frequency tables for the questions, in what way the cyberspace would be used by the respondent.Here the key questions for Auto Online are I use the internet to research purchases I make, The Internet is a good tool to us when researching an automobile, The Internet should not be used to purchase vehicles and Online dealership are just another way of acquire you into the traditional dealership.Where no single important factor got more than 50% of respondent saying whether strongly agree or agree. So on average a respondent is using internet to research automobile and of course it does not turning him to purchase online, they are thinking that they should not purchase automobiles on line.Since the Percent of respondents for The Internet should not be used to purchase vehicles got only 40% of Top2 Box Score.So on average not more than 40% of respondents turning their Internet use into online purchase for any automobile products.Following tables are the frequency tables on consumers perception about buying a new vehicle and dont like to hassle with car salesmen.

Pride and Prejudice Essay

When Elizabeth refuses to say whether or not she is engaged to Darcy, Lady Catherine says, Obstinate, headstrong girl Is this your gratitude for my intentions remnant spring? (p294) From this quote, we toilette see that Austen believes that mickle of the aristocracy do not expect to be disobeyed. Mr. Collins is a prime example of how Lady Catherine expects people who are below her social status to act around her. He is eager to please and show off, as discussed earlier he is proud of his traffic with Lady Catherine. He may be eager to please many above his social status, but conveys hate upon those whom he is even related to.Mrs. bennet is torn between revulsion for him (not because of his character, but because the house is entailed to him) and liking him as a potential husband for one of her daughters, so that the house will be entailed to them if Mr. white avens dies. My cousin, Mr. Collins, who, when I am dead, may turn you all out of this house as curtly as he pleases. Mr. Collins also has the relish to do things properly, the fortunate chance of him meeting Lady Catherine when life in Hunsford became vacant, resulted in a good house. He also obtained a sufficient income delinquent to being a clergyman traditionally, as he is the second son of the family.With his good house and income he chooses to seek a wife from one of the white avens daughters as it would prevent the family from being thrown out of the house once Mr. Bennet passes away. This displeases Austen as Mr. Collins is choosing to marry for business rather than love and soon concludes this business by proposing to Elizabeth. Elizabeths refusal of wedlock is because she simply didnt love him. You could not make me happy, and I am convinced that I am the exit women in the world who would make you so. (p90) Austen presents her thoughts of marriage through her main character Elizabeth.This forces Mr. Collins to look elsewhere and when Charlotte Lucas accepts his proposal of marriage, Elizabeth is shocked because of Charlottes sources for accepting him. I am not romantic you know. I n perpetually was. I ask only a comfortable home and considering Mr. Collins character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair, as most people can boast on entering the marriage state. Austen disapproves of Charlottes actions as Charlotte is marrying for funds rather than love, which Austen is against.The Bingley sisters are the most prominent of the characters. Caroline, although bright, is proud and prejudiced in her reactions to the Bennets, particularly Jane and Elizabeth. .. Her jealousy and dislike of one sister much exceeded her affection for the other. They are introduced in the novel when Mr. Bingley arrives in Netherfield. They are very proud and consider themselves to be people to aspire to, but are highly sarcastic and patronizing towards Elizabeth. I shall never forget her appearance this morning. She really looked almost wild. (P. 28)From this quote, we can see that characters such as these do not expect to be at all associated with characters such as Elizabeth and because of this, Austen condemns them using sharp wit and satire. Miss Bingley soon observes and suspects enough tension between Elizabeth and Darcy to fashion jealous and feels that Elizabeth isnt contain for Darcy because of her parents and the fact that she has no connections. On the other hand, Darcy thinks nothing of Miss Bingleys comments and calls Elizabeth the most handsome girl. An opinion that has changed since the first ball.This quote shows that there is no reason for Darcy to be fond of Elizabeth other than love. In the first few chapters Miss Bingley is assumed to be Janes friend but as Jane and Mr. Bingley become more than infatuated and Miss Bingley realizes Mr. Bingleys intentions, she becomes rude to Jane by keeping her away from Mr. Bingley and compelling him to go to London. Miss Bingleys expectatio n that Darcy will find her coquet irresistible shows how shallow she is compared to Elizabeth, whose calm, demeanor amid the sniping at Pemberley sets her apart from the other women.Pray, Miss Eliza, are not the-shire militia removed from Meryton? They must be great deprivation to your family. Mrs. Bennet is almost certainly the most earsplitting character of them all with the fact that she is honest enough to give her thoughts and opinions about anyone that displeases her. She is by no instrument a model for her daughters and throughout the novel, Mrs. Bennet herself is a social embarrassment, shallow and snobbish. She clutches at her lost youth through indulging Lydia and Kitty and is have-to doe with more with marrying her daughters into money, than because they are in love.Of having another daughter married to Mr. Collins, she thought with equal certainty, and with considerable, though not equal pleasure. This quote shows how Mrs. Bennet ranks Elizabeth as her to the lowe st degree favorite child due to Elizabeths refusal of Mr. Collins marriage proposal. Mrs. Bennet married above her position in society to Mr. Bennet. She is in juxtaposition with him and their marriage is an illustration of what may well happen between Lydia and Wickham. When Lydia leaves with Wickham, Mrs. Bennet becomes extremely immature and stays in her room until the entire problem is resolved.Why did the Forsters ever let her go out of their sight. I always thought they were very unfit to have the charge of her but I was over-ruled, as I always am. (p. 235) This quote shows how Mrs. Bennet blames every person who had any part in this and feels that she is the victim in this. When Mrs. Bennet discovers that Lydia is to get married, her ill thoughts of everything and mainly Wickham become violent forms of delight. This is delightful indeed -She will be married -I shall see her again -She will be married at sixteen This quote shows Mrs.Bennet to have inappropriate behaviour as everyone else is still in shock about what has happened but she proceeds from being the worst effected to the most excited. In conclusion the novel reveals rewarding depths of comedy and irony as well as leaving us fulfilled and contented, rather than miserable and frustrated at the end. In the end Elizabeth and Darcy change and lose their pride about their positions but the satirical characters dont because they are either high up in social status or they have married financially rather than for love and so preserve their pride.I think Austens satire is stiff when using characters such Mr. Collins and his proposal to Elizabeth which brings her so near laughing that she could not use the short pause he allowed in any endeavour to stop him farther Sefket Birdane Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Ethical Behavior and Social Responsibility of Organizations Essay

IntroductionProper ethical behavior is a signifi buttt disassociate of conducting occupation. Organizations moldiness(prenominal) therefore find ports to incorporate ethical acquireations into their strategic plan. Firms need to practice self governance and obey be laws if they ar to professionalmise their survival and the well-being of the society in which they exist. The decisions made by an system of rules affect society as a whole. This paper depart examine the amicable responsibilities of organizations to each of their stakeholders. These include customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, the local organisation and the environment. Each section of this report is supplemented with a case study illustrating the consequences of unethical behavior in business.Defining moralityEthics is a ubiquitous term that is subject to personal interpretation. Individuals and groups are guided by moral principles or apprizes. Their beliefs help them to set standards for deciph ering right from price (Little, 2011). Ethical levers are dynamic and are therefore subject to renegotiation and change. These changes are a lot influenced by periodic and contextual circumstances.As ethical beliefs resist from person to person, it may not be goodly possible to instill a universal set of values. Also, many an(prenominal) individuals pee different points of reference when find proscribed what is right and what is impose on _or_ oppress (Little, 2011). Domestically, ethical values t death to be closely aligned. Individuals who take a shit been affectionateized in a particular region are to a greater extent likely to extradite similar values, laws, religion, knowledge and culture.With the emergence of free-trade agreements, many firms have the opportunity to conduct international business. Although these organizations are usually successful in adjust their economic interests, many have failed to recognize or understand the cultural norms, laws and ethica l practices of the country they are conducting business with.Defining favorable creditworthynessAn organizations approach to amicable responsibility can impact its image and reputation. Depending on how an organization addresses this aspect of business, ethics can either be a strength or a weakness. Social responsibility can be divided into three categories obligatory, reactive or responsive behavior (Duening & Ivancevisch, 2008). An organization that acts out of social obligation tends to direct its behavior to the legal pursuit of profit (Duening et al., 2008). Socially reactive organizations a good deal adhere to social norms, values and performance expectations (Duening et al., 2008). These organizations moldiness be accountable for the ecological, environmental and social embodys incurred by their actions (Duening et al., 2008).Lastly, socially responsive organizations often engage in behavior that exceeds the actions taken by socially obligated and socially reactive orga nizations. For example, these firms take stands on public issues, account for their actions, anticipate future needs of society, move toward satisfying them, and communicate with the government regarding existing and anticipated socially desirable legislation (Duening et al., 2008).As illustrated above, social responsibility can mean different things to different people. In a broad sense, social responsibility is a compliance to the legal obligations, social norms and ethical standards of society. For the purpose of this paper, I will use the broad sense of the term, unless otherwise specified.Social Responsibility of Organizations to Internal BeneficiariesSocial Responsibility to EmployeesLegally, organizations are responsible for providing their employees with a minimum wage, safe working conditions and the freedom to form a union (Duening et al., 2008). These laws discourage counsel from creating workplaces that violate employee civil rights (Duening et al., 2008). However, many part-time employers, fast food restaurants and retailers provide only the minimum. Historically, employee benefits emerged out of pressure from employees, unions and the community. Today, most organizations are expected to go beyond the minimum legal requirements by providing their employees with fringe benefits, such as retirement coin, wellness and accident insurance (Duening et al., 2008).Many socially reactive and socially responsive organizations have extended their benefits to include training, career development, counseling, employee assistance programs, day-care and flex-time policies. As employee family life becomes more complex, organizations must find ways to offer support. Many new-made organizations are concerned about employee satisfaction and the benefits associated with it. Employees who are content demonstrate a higher commitment to the organization, which often translates into less absenteeism, higher morale and higher harvest-tideivity. Overall, the modern wo rker wants his job to be both meaningful and fulfilling (Duening et al., 2008).Social Irresponsibility to Employees Wal-MartWal-mart is virtuoso of the most profitable and efficiently run organizations in the world. In 2005, the conjunction grossed two- degree centigrade and forty billion dollars in sales, yet still failed to provide its employees with health care benefits and a livable wage (Greenwald & Gilliam, 2005). On numerous occasions, the organization ignored to provide its employees with the basic legal requirements. As a result, Wal-mart is now facing a number of class action law suits. Reports suggest that the organization is in any case notorious for keeping its stores understaffed. Although overtime is rarely an option, employees are still expected to work off the clock to get the job done (Greenwald et al., 2005).Workers are tell to complete their tasks and are often told that they can be replaced. Given their unfortunate personal circumstances, many employees put u p with this abuse. In terms of employee well-being, a round majority of Walmarts workers cannot afford the orders basic medical insurance at just seventy-five dollars per month. (Greenwald et al., 2005). However, Wal-mart encourages its employees to seek out section-8 housing, food stamps and government-provided health insurance. (Greenwald et al., 2005).Evidently, Wal-marts everyday low prices are a result of taxpayer subsidies. Nationwide, Wal-mart is costing taxpayers over one and a half billion dollars a year in subsidies for its employees (Greenwald et al., 2005). As a result of these policies, Walmarts average sales employee is living below the Federal Poverty Line. (Greenwald et al., 2005).In 2001, Barbara Ehrenreich conducted a sociological study to narrow wipe out whether or not she could survive on a low wage. She found a job at Wal-mart in Minnesota. Her study reaffirmed the poor working conditions that Wal-mart employees often endure. In the following quote Ehrenreic h talks about a shirt that she wanted to purchase for workOne of the rules is that our shirts have to have collars, so they have to be polos, not tees. Somehow Id missed this during orientation At $7 an hour, a $7 shirt is just not spillage to make it to my shopping list (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.88).Given the low wage that she earns, she has difficulty justifying the purchase of a seven dollar work shirt. In the next quote, her fellow worker Alyssa finds herself in a more difficult situationAlyssa is another target for my crusade. When she returns to check yet again on that $7 polo, she finds a stain on it. What could she get off for that? I think 10 percent, and if you add in the 10 percent employee discount, wed be down to $5.60. Im onerous to negotiate a 20 percent price reduction with the fitting room lady when rotten luck Howard shows up and announces that there are no reductions and no employee discounts on clearanced items. Those are the rules. Alyssa looks crushed, and I tell her, when Howards out of sight, that theres something wrong when youre not paid enough to misdirect a Wal-Mart shirt, a clearanced Wal-Mart shirt with a stain on it. I hear you, she says, and admits Wal-Mart isnt working for her either, if the goal is to make a living (Ehrenreich, 2002, p.100).Wal-mart is as well as notorious for squashing unions. If a branch plans to hold a union vote, the organization will guide new employees to dilute the number of people who are pro union. Moreover, the organization allots each store a seven-thousand dollar anti-union package a thirty-thousand dollar undercover spy van, access to the organizations one speed of light thousand dollar anti-union hot-line and the use of its seven-million dollar corporate jet for rapid response (Greenwald et al., 2005). If a branch is successful in a union vote, Wal-mart will not hesitate to close down that particular retail outlet. In spousal relationshipmary, with the absence of unions and the current mind-set of management, it is highly unlikely that employee working conditions will break any time soon.Social Responsibility to ShareholdersOrganizations have a social responsibility to their shareholders and must provide accurate instruction for investment decisions. (Duening et al., 2008). As tell by Duening and Ivancevich, the ultimate action a stockholder can take is to sell the stock (2008). It is important that organizational information be transparent and accessible. Also, organizations must be as efficient and effective as possible with the use of their resources. Any process or product feature that does not add value is wasteful and has an adverse effect on the bottom line.Investors of the twenty-first century want instant gratification and are therefore often fixated on short-run earnings. As familiaritys and their managers face pressure from shareholders to produce appeasing quarterly results, they often fail to think about the long-run well being of the organization, its employees and the environment. In recent eld, there has been a significant increase in performance-based bonuses. In many multinational organizations, executives earn exponentially more than their lowest paid employees.As an incentive, executives often receive options for shares in the company. The value of those options is contingent upon the companys short, medium or long-term performance. In 2010, chief executives at the fall in States five hundred largest firms collectively took home four billion dollars (DeCarlo, 2010). The value realized from exercised stock options accounted for the main component of their pay (DeCarlo, 2010). When managers act in their own self interest, bonus-based honorarium schemes can have dire consequences for all parties involved.Social Irresponsibility to Shareholders EnronIn 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy (Bryce, 2003). At the time, it was the largest bankruptcy in the history of the United States. The management cooked the books and deformed t heir position to shareholders (Little, 2011). Enron used mark-to-market accounting practices to manipulate earnings and to create a mirage of success. On several occasions, company executives lied to investors, overstated earnings and omitted critical information (Bryce, 2003). As a result, stakeholders disoriented billions of dollars.Also, the employee pension plan contained over two billion dollars in assets with sixty-two percent of the funds invested in Enron stock (Bryce, 2003). Thousands of Enron employees lost a bulk of their life savings. In addition, the California Public Employees Retirement system lost three billion dollars (Bryce, 2003). Many individuals, investment firms and hedge funds lost billions of dollars as well. While thousands of individuals lost large sums of money, Enron executives netted significant returns from their unethical stock manipulation and insider trading.Social Responsibility to the planning ChainThe tote up chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the consumer (Shafer et al., 2010). Within the chain, an organization can be both a supplier and a customer. Today, many organizations realize the importance of strengthening family relationships and working with fewer suppliers. In effect, suppliers and their customers have become mutualist on one another. Traditionally, customers pitted suppliers against each other in hopes of getting the best price. Today, however, many suppliers play a vital role in the operations process.Through vendor-managed inventory systems, organizations have been able to avoid stockouts, thus reducing inventory costs (Shafer et al., 2010). Corporations that rely on sole sourcing have a partner-like relationship with their suppliers. The just-in-time delivery system is based on customers pulling their orders through the supply chain while suppliers ensure the inputs arrive according to s chedule. Companies are also responsible for ensuring that their suppliers are treated respect wide of the marky and paid on time. In this relationship, both organizations have to turn a profit to ensure their survival.Social Irresponsibility to the Supply Chain MonsantoMonsanto is an organization that has little regard for the farmers who use its products or the end users that consume them. In 1994, Monsanto introduced Posilac to the American market. Posilac is a bovine growth endocrine that was true to increase milk production. Today, the United States is the only developed nation that permits humans to drink milk from cows that have been given artificial growth hormone (Laskawy, 2010, para 3). This product was banned in twenty-seven countries including Canada and the European Union (Achbar et al.,2004). Moreover, Posilac was tested for only ninety days to assess for human toxicity (Achbar et al., 2004). there is widespread concern regarding the long-term effects of this product on the well-being of humans and animals. Despite these concerns, this product was approved by the Food and drug Administration. every Monsanto misreported its findings or the Food and Drug Administration did not look at them. Health Canada research showed that bovine growth hormone could be absorbed by the human body with the possibility of a link to cancer (Achbar et al.,2004). In addition to being equipment casualtyful, Posilac is of little value to farmers and end users. Prior to Posilacs release, there was an abundance of milk in the marketplace and farmers were told to produce less of it (Achbar et al.,2004)Monsanto is an organization that supplies harmful products and expects farmers to distribute them to the general population. This organization is responsible for the premature release of bio-engineered foods in the marketplace. The long-term effects of genetically-modified food are still unknown. However, Monsanto requires a high level of coordination to get its products t o market. The firm often requires help from politicians, professors, scientists, experts, the general public, reporters, and the Food and Drug Administration (Achbar et al.,2004).Monsanto also engineers terminator seeds. These are seeds that terminate themselves through a suicide gene (Achbar et al.,2004). Since terminator seeds are only good for one season, Monsanto has move the intrinsic value of them. In nature, seeds are meant to be replanted annually. However, this product goes against evolution and human well-being. There are billions of people around the world who are starvation to death and farmers have been denied the opportunity to replant their seeds on an annual basis.This product is immoral to its customers, the end users, and humanity as a whole. Nonetheless, Monsanto still expects its customers to distribute these products to the end users.Social Responsibility to CustomersValue is defined as any action or process that a customer is willing to pay for (Shafer & Mere dith, 2010). To eliminate excess waste, organizations should always be mindful of customer needs. Processes that drive up costs but do not increase the overall value of a product are wasteful. Firms should strive to reduce overproduction, inventory costs, unnecessary processing, wait times, transportation costs, and unnecessary human motions while minimizing the number of defects (Shafer et al., 2010).Competitive organizations continue to improve the superior and durability of their products (Shafer et al., 2010). However, if an organization fails to use its resources efficiently and effectively, it will likely be punished in the marketplace. A consumer has the ultimate decision on whether or not they will purchase a particular product. Therefore, companies should be adequately prepared to address consumer concerns and after-service needs, should they arise. Also, consumer goods should not do any biological or psychological harm to their customers. Products that have the potential to do harm to others should be put through rigorous testing to ensure they are safe for human use and consumption.Social Irresponsibility to Customers Aguas del TunariFor twenty years, the World Bank has been working alongside successive governments toward independent development in Bolivia. The World Bank believes that a high analogy of leaders in developing nations are susceptible to corruption, including those in Bolivia. As a result, the organization has played a significant role in assisting the Bolivian government with privatization of its state-owned enterprises. In 2000, Aguas del Tunari corporation signed a forty-year contract with the Bolivian government to provide water to impoverished citizens in Cochabamba City, Bolivia. Aguas del Tunari was guaranteed a minimum annual return of fifteen percent on their two-and-a-half billion dollar investment (Salina & Starr, 2008).As part of the deal, Aguas del Tunari Corporation agreed to repay thirty million dollars of debt compi le by the state utility company (Salina et al., 2008). In an effort to pay off the debt, Aguas del Tunari corporation increased water rates to twenty dollars per month a thirty-five percent increase (Achbar, Abbott, Bakan & Simpson, ,2004). However, the company failed to consider the fact that many of its new clients were surviving on only two dollars a day (Achbar et al., 2004). This meant that the cost of water would account for roughly twenty-five percent of their daily income (Achbar et al., 2004).To make matters worse, the government had privatized rain water, making it illegal to collect the rainfall (Achbar et al.,2004). When the newly-owned utility company shut off the water supply to non-paying customers, violent protests erupted across all classes of society. Ninety-six percent of citizens demanded that the contract with Aguas del Tunari be terminated (Salina & Starr, 2008) . The government of Bolivia refused and told its citizens that there was zippo to negotiate. Prote sts spread to other major cities in Bolivia, eventually causing a ripple effect that would put the country into a state of emergency. To remedy this problem, the Bolivian government kicked Aguas del Tunari out of the country and resumed its role as the nations utility operator.In this unique case, it is difficult to conceptualize water as a commodity. Water is essential for survival and is seen as a birth right. Many would argue that the local government is responsible for regulating the cost of water and ensuring that it is affordable for all citizens. Since water surrounds us and falls naturally from the sky, it is difficult for a corporation to add value to it. Privatization of rain water is an extreme concept and sure as shooting crosses some ethical boundaries.Social Responsibility of Corporations to External BeneficiariesSocial Responsibility to Local GovernmentsElected officials have a social responsibility to the people whom they represent. Although corporations cannot at one time cast a vote, they can leverage their power by donating large sums of money to political campaigns. In return, they often expect regulatory favors, exceptions, and preferential treatment. Corporations must however respect the local government and prohibit themselves from lobbying, bribing or manipulating local officials for the financial benefit of the organization.Although firms should not tempt government officials, politicians should also avoid situations where they may become vulnerable. As governments and organizations continue to work closely to achieve their objectives, they must ensure they maintain their ethical boundaries. When corporations gain power, the relative authority of local government diminishes and their authoritative power is often confined to their given jurisdiction. As organizations continue to grow, it is becoming increasingly difficult for them to be audited by local governments and regulatory bodies. For this reason, governments should consider i mplementing more rules and tougher sanctions to prevent legal and ethical misconduct. As history has shown, corporations are not always capable of self- governance.Social Irresponsibility to Local GovernmentsLong-Term jacket crown ManagementDeregulation of public enterprises and new business practices may not always be in the best interest of the general public. In 2000, the Clinton face passed a bill that would deregulate the derivatives market and establish legal certainty for bankers (Lowenstein, 2002). The three major classes of derivatives are futures, options and swaps. In detail, the derivatives market is not well understand by policy makers. There have been numerous cases of corporate fraud, financial mismanagement and unnecessary risk. Moreover, taxpayers have fronted billions of dollars to bail out financial institutions. In 2008, the value of the overall derivatives market was an astonishing six-hundred and sixty-eight trillion dollars (Sheridan, 2008).In 1994, Long-te rm Capital Management took the financial world by storm. This hedge fund was formal by two proven Wall Street traders and two Nobel Laureates (Lowenstein, 2002). The fund started with four billion dollars in capital from its investors. The firm enjoyed four straight years of prosperity without a single monthly loss to be reported on their balance sheet. LTCM was thought to be the perfect hedge fund. It simply could not lose. LTCM leveraged its balance sheet trading by 30 to 1, while leveraging its off balance sheet trading by 250 to 1 (Lowenstein, 2002).At one point, the company had in excess of one trillion dollars in derivatives exposure (Lowenstein, 2002). In a short period of time, LTCM had lost nearly everything and turned to banks and the federal reserve for a bailout. At the time, this was the largest bailout ever. In Wall Streets eyes, LTCM was simply too big to fail. It was thought that its demise would have had dire consequences for the entire economy.Since then, bigger investment firms have failed, bigger bailouts have been distributed and derivatives are still being heavily traded. It appears Wall Street still has a lesson to learn. It was the governments deregulation of derivatives that allowed LTCM and other investment firms to behave unethically and do as they pleased. As a regulatory body, the Federal Reserve sent out the wrong message by bailing out LTCM. Condoning the behavior of this hedge fund created an environment that would encourage other financial institutions to take the same risks.Social Responsibility to the purlieu and Future GenerationsToday, consumers and citizens increasingly expect more from organizations. Traditionally, firms externalized their costs while internalizing their profits. Today, however, many corporations are becoming ethically conscious and are working toward minimizing their carbon footprint. They have started to use mechanisms known as stakeholder management devices to respond to stakeholder claims (Duening et al., 2008). Progressive organizations have started working toward sustainable development to help create a world that is able for future generations.Many firms are also taking an interest in social issues. Some have started practicing corporate philanthropy. These positive efforts enhance a corporations good will and improves its overall image. This often translates into more sales and higher profit margins.Organizations that fail to take responsibility for their actions are often looked down upon. For example, an organization that shows complete disregard for the environment will likely tarnish their image and build up ill will. In effect, companies that act out of social obligation are viewed less positively than those that are socially responsive.Social Responsibility to the Environment and Future GenerationsTokyo Electric Power CompanyIn March of 2011, the japanese coast was rattled by a forceful 9.0 earthquake and a gigantic tsunami. The Fukushima Dai-chi and Fukushima Dai- ni power plants sustained critical damage (TEPCO to enshroud nuclear jell Victims, 2011). Both of these power plants are privately owned by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO to Compensate Nuclear whole shebang Victims, 2011). The nuclear disaster revealed the companys misplaced confidence and a failure to adequately forecast its worst case scenario. Furthermore, the company chose to disregard Japans tsunami history and relevant GPS data.TEPCO engineers did not factor in earthquakes that occurred prior to 1896 (TEPCO Dimissed Important Scientific Evidence in Planning Nuclear Plants Defense, 2011). Tsunami modelers at TEPCO factored in an earthquake of 8.6 magnitude in its worst case scenario model (TEPCO Dimissed Important Scientific Evidence in Planning Nuclear Plants Defense, 2011). The earthquake that occured on March 11, 2011 was four times more powerful than the maximum presumed (TEPCO Dimissed Important Scientific Evidence in Planning Nuclear Plants Defense, 2011). Giv en Japans geographical position and the volatility of nuclear energy, TEPCO should have put more thought into their calculations.After a great deal delay, the Japanese government has ordered TEPCO to pay partial retribution to the citizens affected by this nuclear catastrophe. Beginning on April 28, 2011, TEPCO has started to compensate families in the nominal sum of twelve-thousand dollars for losses attributed to evacuation, having to stay indoors and nuclear contamination (TEPCO to Compensate Nuclear Plant Victims, 2011).These partial retributions are miniscule. Often times it is cheaper for a corporation to hire a good public relations specialist than to rectify the actual problem. This nuclear disaster has crippled local businesses, fishing operations, tourism and the livelihood of citizens. TEPCOs greed and irresponsibility has cost the citizens of Japan and the nation at large by causing tremendous losses. Moreover, citizens in neighboring countries and the Western part of t he United States have grown concerned over their personal well-being.In TEPCOs case, the local government should have taken extra measures to ensure the facilities were built to obligate an earthquake of great proportion. Local governments are elected and represent the interest of the people. Therefore, it is their responsibility to ensure private organizations behave ethically. Companies should be forced to take full accountability for their actions. In regard to privatization of nuclear energy, governments should pressure organizations to strive for seven-sigma quality. As we have witnessed, a defect in nuclear energy can have significant implications for the general population.ConclusionAs illustrated in this paper, organizations have a social responsibility to both their internal and external beneficiaries. Firms should always conduct business with integrity and concern for others. Although many organizations may feel pressure to increase their short-term earnings, they must re tain their focus and uphold their social responsibilities to their stakeholders. Through long-term objectives, organizations can set standards that will ensure their survival.Its important to emphasize that the decisions an organization makes will often affect society as a whole. As illustrated in the case studies above, companies that go astray or act in their own self interest can adversely affect the well-being of many stakeholders. However, tougher sanctions and an organizational credo may help give an organization ethical focus. In conclusion, by practicing self-governance and obeying existing laws, corporations will be well on their way to becoming socially responsible and dependable organizations.Works CitedAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The Corporation (DVD). 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